20010604_馬偕在台灣

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《吳三連台灣史料基金會》
《Taiwan News》

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馬偕在台灣
Mackay's legacy to Taiwan

戴寶村／Tai Pao-Tsun
（中央大學歷史研究所教授）
（The author is professor, Central University Graduate School of History）

2001-06-04


	Photo portrait of Rev. Mackay.

6月2日是馬偕（Rev. George Leslie Mackay 1844-1901）逝世百年紀念日，相關歷史文物研討展覽以及紀念活動陸續推出，紀念這位具有無私宗教情懷、將畢生心力貢獻給台灣的傳教士。誠如他的座右銘──寧願燒盡，不願腐銹──馬偕燒盡了自己的生命，但他的精神充分滋養著生前在台灣灑下的種子，百年來在台灣處處開花結果。本週「台灣歷史之窗」特別邀請中央大學歷史研究所教授戴寶村專文介紹馬偕在台灣的傳教、醫療與教育的歷史事蹟。	June 2 is the commemoration day of the passing away of Rev. George Leslie Mackay (1844-1901). In memory of this missionary who, with an unselfish religious spirit, devoted his life's energy to helping Taiwan, a retrospective exhibit of historical documents and a series of other activities are being conducted. True to his motto -- "Better to go up in flames than rust away" -- Rev. Mackay burnt his candle brightly to the end, yet his spirit continues to nurture the seeds which he planted, which over the past century have blossomed and borne wonderful fruits. For this week's Window on Taiwan, the Taiwan News has invited Professor Tai Pao-Tsun of the Central University Graduate School of History to recount the course of Rev. Mackay's missionary, medical and educational work in Taiwan.

立下國外傳教的一生心願　　馬偕祖籍是蘇格蘭，父母親在1830年移民加拿大，1844年 3月21日馬偕出生於安大略省牛津郡佐拉（Zorra ）地方。他從當地的Woodstock小學畢業後進入多倫多的 Omemee師範學校就讀，然後在Maplewoold及 Maitlandville 地方的小學教書。他曾聽過英國傳教士William C. Burns演講到中國傳教的經歷，激發他想到外國傳教的心願，於是進入多倫多的Knox神學院讀書，接著再前往美國普林斯頓神學院就讀。1870年學成返鄉實習傳道數月，再到蘇格蘭愛丁堡修習研究課程。1871年加拿大長老教會總會接受馬偕海外佈道之申請，並指定中國為其宣教服務地區。	Roots of Mackay's missionary zeal Rev. George Leslie Mackay was born of Scottish parents who emigrated to Canada in 1830. He was born on March 21, 1844 in Zorra, Oxford Prefecture, Ontario. After graduating from that town's Woodstock Primary School, he enrolled in Toronto's Omemee Teacher's College, upon graduation from which he taught at the Maplewood and Maitlandville primary schools. A speech given by missionary William C. Burns about his experience as a missionary in China inspired in Mackay an enthusiasm to do missionary work abroad. Consequently, he entered the Knox Theological Seminary in Toronto, after which he continued his studies at the Princeton Theological Seminary in America. After completion of his studies there in 1870, he returned to Canada for several months to perform a missionary internship, following which he went to Edinburgh, Scotland to pursue graduate studies. In 1871 the head office of the Presbyterian Church in Canada approved his application to serve overseas as a missionary and designated China as his mission territory.

	Mackay and students pulling teeth.

淡水傳教的草創時期 1871年10月馬偕離開家鄉到美國舊金山搭乘 America 號輪船經日本、香港、廣州、汕頭等地，並前來台灣旅行。1872年初早先已在南台灣傳教的英格蘭長老教會牧師李庥（ Rev. Hugh Ritchie）陪他由高雄乘船北上。1860年清帝國開放基隆、淡水、安平、高雄四港口供外國經商貿易。1872年3月9日馬偕抵達淡水，此時淡水的商務已相當繁榮，河口山嶺的優美景色讓他堅定選擇淡水作為宣教基地，並且終生奉獻台灣。	Tamsui mission - early period In October of 1871, Mackay left his homeland and proceeded to San Francisco, where he boarded the S.S. America and came to Taiwan via Japan, Hong Kong, Canton, and Swatow. In early 1872 he took passage on a boat from Kaohsiung to northern Taiwan, accompanied by Rev. Hugh Ritchie, a missionary of the Presbyterian Church of England who had been serving in southern Taiwan. The Ch'ing Dynasty government had in 1860 opened up the four seaports of Keelung, Tamsui, Anping and Kaohsiung to foreign trade, so by 1872, foreign trade was already flourishing in Tamsui. When Mackay arrived there on March 9, the sight of the beautiful mountains bordering on the river mouth inspired him to make Tamsui his missionary base and to devote his life to Taiwan.

馬偕初到淡水除面對生活條件的不便，還有語言文化的隔閡，他原先學習的北京官話在台灣派不上用場，於是向牧童學習台語，五個月後他就可以用台語傳道。他一面傳教設立教會，一方面考慮到台灣的氣候、語言風俗、經濟等因素，認為訓練本地人成為傳教士是一重要的工作，於是在七年間供在大甲溪以北地區設立了20間教會，並培養22個本地傳教師。	In the days immediately following his arrival, besides having to adjust to various other inconveniences, Mackay faced the problems of language and cultural gaps, the Mandarin language which he had studied proving useless for his work in Taiwan. So he studied Taiwanese with shepherd youths and 5 months later was able to begin using Taiwanese to preach the gospel. Apart from establishing a church for his personal missionary work, he recognized that, in consideration of climatic, language, economic and other factors in Taiwan, the training of local missionaries was of crucial importance. Consequently, within a 7-year period, he set up 20 churches in the region north of Ta Cha Hsi and cultivated 22 natives to become missionaries.

馬偕既已決定終生在台灣傳教，1878年與五股坑的張聰明（英文名Minnie 1860-1925）結婚，生有二女瑪連（Mary Ellen 1879－ 1959）及以利（Bella 1880－1970），一子叡廉（George William 1882-1969）。	Having already decided to devote his life to missionary work in Taiwan, in 1878 he married Chang Tsung-Ming (Minnie, 1860-1925) of Wu Ku Keng, with whom he had two daughters, Ma-Lien (Mary Ellen, 1879-1959) and I-Li (Bella, 1880-1970), and one son, Jui-Lien (George William 1882-1969).

	The old church in Huwei (former name of Tamsui), a major landmark in Tamsui since its renovation in 1932

以耐心與勇氣完成傳教使命馬偕在台灣竭盡心力從事宣教活動，也曾遭遇相當大的阻礙，如他在艋舺要租屋傳教甚至發生房屋被拆之事，在三峽有人擲石反對他來傳教，不過他都靠著耐心勇氣及替民眾醫病來爭取信徒。1883年以後他將傳教重心轉移至東部地區，在宜蘭平原設立了11座教堂，也曾前往花蓮和離島地區，宜蘭地區的噶瑪蘭（Kavalan ）平埔族人有些人甚至以馬偕的「偕」作為他們的漢姓，總計馬偕在台三十年間供設立60 間教會。1872年在淡水設立第一座教會的地點在1932年改建一座哥德式教堂，成為淡水美麗的建築物之一，旁邊的街道被命名為「馬偕街」、「真理街」，馬偕街口也塑建馬偕的頭像，成為馬偕傳教歷史的重要史蹟。	Mission accomplished through patience and courage Mackay carried out his missionary work with vigor despite coming up against considerable obstacles, as when a building he had rented in Mengchia for his missionary activities was destroyed, or when he was stoned in Sanhsia by people opposed to such activities. Through it all, he won converts by dint of his patience and courage in combination with medical services to the common people. In 1883 he toured eastern Taiwan, where he established 11 churches on the Ilan plain, moving on to Hualien and, later, visiting offshore islands. Some Kavalan Pingpu tribespeople even adopted the character Chieh in Mackay's Chinese surname, Ma Chieh, as their Chinese surnames. In all, Mackay established 60 churches in Taiwan. In 1932, the first church built by Mackay in Tamsui in 1872 was rebuilt in the style of Goethe, which has become one of Tamsui's treasured architectural landmarks. The adjacent streets have been named Ma Chieh Street and Chenli (Truth) Street, and at the corner of Ma Chieh street stands a sculpture of Mackay's head, which has become one of the important historical relics in witness of his missionary legacy.

醫療上的貢獻馬偕本人雖非真正的醫生，但受過醫學訓練，在淡水傳教時就幫人治病服務民眾，也藉機傳播福音，他利用奎寧治療瘧疾，或替有牙疾的人拔牙，解除民眾的病苦，據他自述說在台二十多年當中幫人拔了二萬一千多顆牙齒，確實讓那些受牙痛折磨的人「沒齒難忘」恩情。	Contributions to medical care Although formally Mackay wasn't a physician, he had received medical training and provided medical care for the sick while in Tamsui, taking the opportunity to preach the gospel at the same time. He lightened people's suffering, for example, by employing quinine to cure malaria, or by pulling the teeth of those with dental maladies. By his own count, he pulled 21,000 teeth over 20-odd years, leaving those who had previously been tortured by toothache with a "tooth missing, hard to forget" sense of grateful remembrance.

	Mackay family portrait in traditional Chinese garb.

1879年一位底特律市的馬偕夫人捐款三千元，支助他在淡水設立「偕醫館」「The Mackay Hospital」，一些洋行的醫生也協助醫療事務，造福當地民眾。尤其1884－85 年間法國軍隊攻打淡水，不少受傷的士兵與民眾即時獲得醫治而保住性命，事後台灣巡撫劉銘傳特別頒給賞狀致謝並捐款給醫館。 1912年為紀念馬偕宣教40週年並擴大醫療服務，在台北雙連新建醫院，就是今之「馬偕紀念醫院」的起源，1969年另在竹圍設立分院，1970年在關渡設立護理學校，馬偕當年將傳教與醫療相結合的作法，促成了台灣現代化醫學的發展。	In 1879 a Detroit woman, also surnamed Mackay, donated US$ 3,000 to support the construction of the Mackay Hospital in Tamsui, where some Western doctors in the employ of foreign businesses also contributed their medical expertise to serving the common people. Among those who particularly benefited were soldiers and civilians wounded during attacks upon Tamsui by the French military in 1884-1885, who owed their lives to the medical care received at Mackay Hospital. Afterward, the Governor of Taiwan, Liu Ming-Chuan presented the hospital with a reward as a token of thanks in addition to making a personal donation. 1912 marked not only the 40th anniversary of Mackay's mission in Taiwan but the construction of a new hospital in the Shuanglien district of Taipei, which was the inauguration of what came to be the Mackay Memorial Hospital of today. In 1969 a branch hospital was established in the Chuwei area, and in 1970 a school of nursing was established in the Kuantu area. Thus it is that Mackay's integration of missionary work with medical services spurred the development of modern-day medicine in Taiwan.

教育上的貢獻馬偕在台灣傳教相當重視培養本地人成為宣教人才，傳教過程也是在教育學生，至1880 年所教育出來的22個學生到各地去傳教或是主持教堂事務。1880年他返回加拿大述職，報告在台灣的宣教工作，故鄉牛津郡的居民募捐了6215元，讓他帶回台灣興建學校。馬偕返回淡水後在砲台埔設計施工興建「牛津學堂」（Oxford College），1882年書院落成，取名為「理學堂大書院」，同年九月招生，有18人入學。學校教授科目包括聖經與神學之外還有地理、地質、動物、植物、礦物、醫學、歷史等等，除了教室上課還有野外考察、醫館實習，教學多元活潑，畢業後就到各地的教會服務。	Contributions to education In his emphasis on cultivating local talent to carry on religious work, his missionary activities necessarily included educating students. The 22 students trained by 1880 were sent to locales all over Taiwan to take up missionary posts or serve as church pastors. When in 1880 Mackay returned to Canada to report on his missionary work, residents of his Oxford Prefecture homeland donated US$ 6,215 dollars to enable him to build a school after returning to Taiwan. Upon his return to Tamsui, he began construction of Oxford College on the site of Paotaipu or "Cannon Platform Plain." When completed in 1882, it was given the Chinese name 理學堂大書院, directly translatable as Hall of Truth Study Academy. Classes began in September of that year with an initial enrollment of 18 students. In addition to Bible studies and theology, the subjects taught at the school included geography, geology, zoology, botany, mineralogy, medicine, history, etc. In addition to classroom lessons, the school's program included nature field trips and medical clinic internship, making for a broad and lively learning experience. Upon graduation students would go and serve at churches all over Taiwan.

開啟女子教育之先理學堂大書院在1909年遷到台北，改為台灣神學校。馬偕看到當時台灣社會重男輕女，女性幾乎都是文盲，於是在1883年設立「淡水女學堂」，開啟女子教育之先，1916年淡水女學校改為淡水高等女學校，再改為私立淡水女學校，1956年併入淡江中學。1965年長老教會在理學堂大書院舊址創設淡水工商管理專校，現已改制為四年制的大學，名為「淡水真理大學」，反映了其教會背景。	Pioneering women's education In 1909, Oxford College moved to Taipei, where its name was changed to the Taiwan Theological Seminary. In response to that era's the favoritism of men over women and the fact that nearly all women were illiterate, Mackay established the Tamsui Women's Academy in 1883, the first school for women in Taiwan. In 1916 it was renamed Tamsui High School for Women, and was later changed to Private Tamsui School for Women. In 1956 it was incorporated as part of Tamkang Private High School. In 1965, at the site of the original Oxford College, the Presbyterian Church set up Tamsui Oxford College (In Chinese: Tamsui Technical and Commercial College), which has now become a 4-year university called Aletheia University, reflecting its religious background.

寧願燒盡，不願腐銹馬偕自1872年抵達淡水，至1901年6月2日因癌症去世總共近三十年之中，除兩次短暫返回加拿大述職外，將所有心力投注於長老教會的宣教、醫療、教育，他所傳播的新文化已超越純宗教層次，對台灣近代文化發展有深刻影響，尤其它來到台灣就立志終生奉獻給衷愛的台灣，更以「寧願燒盡，不願腐銹」作為行事的座右銘，馬偕夫婦在逝世之後，都安眠在淡江中學校園內，而他所留下的教會、醫院、學校的事功在台灣持續流傳，成為台灣歷史的一部份。	Better to go up in flames than rust away During the nearly 30 years from his arrival in Tamsui in 1872 until his death from cancer on June 2, 1872, except for 2 trips back to Canada to report on his work, Mackay devoted his entire time and energy to the Presbyterian Church's missionary, medical and educational activities. The new culture which he disseminated has gone beyond purely religious content, leaving a profound legacy for Taiwan's modern cultural development, especially in the example he set by his determination to devote himself to his beloved Taiwan and, in all of his actions, adhering to the motto "Better to go up in flames out than rust away." Though the Mackay couple have now passed away and rest in peace on the campus of Tamkang Private High School, the fruit of their labors to establish churches, hospitals and schools lives on and has become a part of Taiwan's history.
Compiled and edited by Tina Lee/Translated by James Decker 籌備編輯李美儀/英文翻譯曹篤明〔TOP〕